Sultanistic oligarchies exhibit inherent fragilities, relying on an “authoritarian bargain” where leaders protect elites’ wealth in exchange for loyalty. Those who resist this dynamic often face downfall, while leaders failing to safeguard their interests risk being overthrown. Oligarchs can be vulnerable to civil society, as demonstrated by movements in South Africa, Ukraine, and the Philippines, where sustained pressure from protests and strikes can destabilize inept regimes. However, in demoralized places like Egypt and Russia, oligarchs maintain resilience.
Political solutions to America’s inequities are unlikely to be quick. It took seventeen years from when Mark Twain described the “gilded age” for the U.S. to pass its first anti-monopoly law, with further reforms delayed by public anger towards proposals like an income tax. Eventually, the ultra-wealthy ignored mounting public dissatisfaction, resulting in their own troubles.
Political scientist Benjamin Page notes that significant change is possible if enough citizens mobilize against oligarchy. Autocratic backfire occurs when leaders, insulated from criticism, misjudge public sentiment, leading to widespread outrage. Recent protests in the U.S. highlight potential public unity around shared discontent, reminiscent of the Gilded Age. Although no common solutions may emerge, a collective acknowledgment of unfairness can catalyze movements for change.
