The article discusses the crisis of democracy, emphasizing that the real threat comes not from populism, but from oligarchy. Since the 19th century, Latin America has experienced a form of republicanism characterized by popular sovereignty and competitive elections, yet deeply entrenched inequalities have undermined true representation.
Historic inequalities have led to oligarchic republics where small elites maintain power, effectively hollowing out political equality despite the existence of elections. This dynamic reveals that a true republic requires not just the act of voting, but also the protection of freedom from domination, primarily through robust institutions and an impartial state.
Populism often emerges as a reaction to this oligarchic exclusion, but it frequently fails to address the underlying issues, instead replacing one form of domination with another. The article argues that the deeper problem is a “republican backsliding,” marked by the erosion of state neutrality, bureaucratic integrity, and the discretionary exercise of power.
In light of these challenges, the authors advocate for a reinvigoration of civic equality and active citizenship, drawing upon traditions of plebeian republicanism rooted in social movements and anti-colonial struggles. This discussion extends beyond Latin America, reflecting similar trends in Europe and elsewhere, where inequality and technocratization have weakened democratic engagement.
Ultimately, the authors contend that sustaining democracy requires confronting the concentration of wealth and power, not merely criticizing populist movements. A true democratized republic encompasses civic equality, legality, and active public participation, emphasizing that the crisis in democracy stems from both external challenges and internal compromises.
