The article discusses the historical and contemporary dynamics of populism and its interaction with capitalism and democracy. Initially celebrated, populism played a critical role in dismantling feudal structures in Europe during the late 18th century, giving rise to new capitalist classes. However, as capitalism expanded, it marginalized populists, leading to social tensions and suppression of workers’ rights.
Throughout history, workers organized into unions, securing rights over time, yet remained excluded from true state power. Democracy, often seen as a tool of the oligarchy, required centuries of struggle and social engineering. In colonial contexts, anti-colonial movements utilized populist sentiments, but these movements were complex, often leading to new local elites emerging from resistance.
In developed countries, the trust in elites has diminished as socioeconomic inequalities have grown, leading to widespread discontent and recent populist movements. The article critiques how oligarchies—comprised of wealthy elites—manipulate political processes, resulting in a facade of democracy. The growing disparity and alienation have sparked uprisings, reflecting a resurgence of populism amid systemic inequality.
Ultimately, the persistence of populism suggests that without addressing the core issues of power concentration and economic inequality, turmoil will continue across both developing and developed nations.
