In his book From Yugoslavia to the Western Balkans: Studies of a European Disintegration 1991β2011, Robert Hayden examines the historical disintegration of Yugoslavia to draw parallels with contemporary European dynamics. He posits that the resurgence of fascism, seen with figures like Meloni in Italy and the AfD in Germany, echoes the nationalist movements of the past, including the Serbian Chetniks and Croatian UstaΕ‘e during World War II.
Hayden explains that the shift from communism to state chauvinism catalyzed ethnic nationalism, particularly as the dissolution of communist regimes led to a constitutional reorientation emphasizing ethnic identity over class. He highlights that this transition resulted in ethnic cleansing, particularly in Bosnia, where no single ethnic group held a majority, leading to territorial fragmentation.
Hayden also notes that while modern Europe is perceived as having avoided ethnic cleansing, the mass expulsion of Germans from various countries in 1945 serves as a historical reminder of such acts. He applies the concept of “layered Orientalisms” to the Balkan context, revealing how regional identities have historically been used to justify separation based on perceived superiority.
Furthermore, he critiques the European Union’s handling of the Yugoslav crisis, emphasizing that recent events demonstrate a troubling shift towards illiberal and autocratic governance, questioning the true essence of Europe today. Hayden’s analysis underscores that understanding these historical complexities is essential for addressing current trends in nationalism and undemocratic practices in Europe and beyond.
